9/4/2023 0 Comments Iword nitial geminatesHowever, gemination does occur across words and across morphemes when the last consonant in a given word and the first consonant in the following word are the same fricative, nasal, or plosive. For instance, 'baggage' is pronounced /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/, not [ In English phonology, consonant length is not distinctive within root words. -lagala 'medicine' (root) → ddagala 'medicine' (noun).-wanga 'nation' (root) → ggwanga 'a nation' (noun).-yinja 'stone' (root) → jjinja 'a stone' (noun) jj is usually spelt ggy.-ye 'army' (root) → ggye 'an army' (noun).Whenever morphological rules would geminate these consonants, and are prefixed with, and changes to. There are three consonants that cannot be geminated:, and. For example kkapa 'cat', jjajja 'grandfather' and nnyabo 'madam' all begin with geminate consonants. Luganda is unusual in that gemination can occur word-initially, as well as word-medially. It is the most common ḥaraka that is sometimes used in ordinary spelling to avoid ambiguity. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. This is called degemination.Īrabic uses a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin "w" called shadda ( شدة). The reverse of gemination is the process in which a long consonant is reduced to a short one. In spoken Finnish and in spoken Italian, long consonants are produced between words by sandhi effects.Īmong stops and fricatives, in most languages only voiceless consonants occur geminated. Some African languages, such as Setswana and Luganda, also have initial consonant length-in fact, initial consonant length is very common in Luganda and is used to indicate certain grammatical features. There are very few languages that have initial consonant length among them are Pattani Malay, Chuukese, a few Romance languages such as Sicilian and Neapolitan, and many of the High Alemannic German dialects (such as Thurgovian). Another important phenomenon is that sandhi produces long consonants to word boundaries from an archiphonemic glottal stop, for example → "take it!"ĭistinctive consonant length is usually restricted to certain consonants. Finnish consonant length is also affected by consonant gradation. In Finnish, both are phonemic, such that taka "back", takka "fireplace", taakka "burden", and so forth are different, unrelated words this distinction is traceable all the way back to Proto-Uralic. In other languages, such as Finnish, consonant length and vowel length are independent of each other. In Classical Arabic, a long vowel was lengthened even more before permanently-geminate consonants, this is no longer exhibited in varieties of colloquial Arabic or even MSA, however. That is, a short vowel within a stressed syllable almost always precedes a long consonant or a consonant cluster, whereas a long vowel must be followed by a short consonant. In some languages, e.g., Italian, Swedish, Faroese, Icelandic and Luganda, consonant length and vowel length depend on each other. Long consonants are usually around one and a half or two times as long as short consonants, depending on the language. In lengthened stops, the obstruction of the airway is prolonged, delaying release. Lengthened fricatives, nasals, laterals, approximants, and trills are simply prolonged.
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